Hi gang, The recent questions about noise measurement brought to mind a new feature of WinQuake (Ver. 2.7 beta 6) which some of you may have overlooked. This would not help for general noise measurements but is pretty neat for any waveform you can display in WinQuake. For example, you can quantify the performance of your seismograph. There is an item in the "Calculate" menu "RMS/Max/Min". Click this and you will see RMS, Max, Min, Mean and the number of sample points. This calcualtion is done on the currently displayed waveform, i.e., either the whole record or the section you have zoomed in on. RMS is the root mean square value which is a good measure of the average of a complex wave form. Max and Min are what you would expect and the mean is the average. The mean tends toward zero when the DC offset has been removed because the pos. waves cancel the neg. waves. This is why the RMS is a better measure. The number of sample points is also shown. How well your seismograph records weak signals from 'quakes does not normally depend on "sensitivity". "Sensitivity" is usually thought of as the amount of output per unit of ground motion. With modern op amps, this can be made very high. What REALLY matters is the signal to noise ratio (S/N). This is useful in observing the performance of your seismograph over a period of time or after making changes (e.g., changes in the period of a Lehman) and/or comparing different seismographs. A useful measure of S/N can be obtained by finding the RMS value of a section of a seismogram before 'quake waves arrive (the N value) and comparing that to some measure of the size of the 'quake waves, e.g., peak-to-peak of the largest waves (the S) [Note 1]. For example, my S/N for the recent Jalisco Mexico 6.3 'quake was about 400 on a rather quiet day (RMS noise of 10 and max. peak-to-peak surface waves of 4,000.) Of course, the noise (N) is a combination of several things but the two principal sources are:1. Amplifier and filter noise, 2. Local seismic noise (LSN). The LSN varies a lot here but wind is a big contributer. The so-called microseisms (which peak around 0.16Hz) also contribute but are usually reduced by filtering. These may be due principally to waves breaking on a shore. Bob Barns Quantum Mechanics: The dreams stuff is made of. ----------------------- Note 1. The peak-to-peak amplitude of the surface waves at your location can be approximated by the formula A = (T * log(dist) + 0.18))/1000 where A is the amplitude of ground motion in microns, T is the period of the waves (often about 20 secs. for teleseismic 'quakes), dist is the angular distance to the 'quake (get this from WinQuake, Calculate menu -> Great Circle Dist. -> Great circle dist.). The response of horizontal seismometers depends on the angle between the direction of arrival of the waves and the direction of max. response of the seismometers (which is perpendicular to the boom in a Lehman). This angle to the 'quake can be seen in WinQuake at Calculate menu -> Great circle dist. -> Station to event azimuth. The response is proportional to the cosine of the angle. There are many caveates to calculating the ground motion. There is a lot of good info about this in Sean-Thomas' letters in the psn Archives:9 Apr. 2000, 15 Nov. 2000 and 1 Dec. 2000. __________________________________________________________ Public Seismic Network Mailing List (PSN-L)
Larry Cochrane <cochrane@..............>